Valuation of 3G spectrum license in India: A real option approach

India is about to enter a new technological phase as far as mobile technology is concerned. After almost a decade of existence, Third Generation (3G) mobile technology will be rolled out in India. The licenses for the same were auctioned in April – May 2010 and 3G licenses were allocated to the winners in September 2010. Nine private telecom operators entered the bidding for the license and eventually seven won the licenses. The bidding was intense and eventually the aggregate fees of the license as received by the government were almost twice the expected amount. In the backdrop of experience of 3G auction winners in UK and Germany who paid huge sums to acquire the 3G licenses and later lost their market capitalization as the markets perceived that the price paid for the license was more than the actual value of the license, analysts in India were concerned if the operators had paid too much for the licenses. In this report aggregate value of the 3G licenses is calculated using both traditional discounted cash flow approach and real options approach. We find that the rollout of 3G services gives an internal rate of return of 14.2%over the life of the license. If we assume an internal rate of return of 15% for the telecom operators then the aggregate license value comes out to be INR 594 Billion which is 12% lower than what the operators have paid to acquire the license. We also found out that the value of the license as calculated from the real options methodology is INR 798 Billion which is 17.8% higher than the aggregate value paid by the operators. Hence we see that DCF valuation suggests that the licenses were overvalued while Real Options methodology suggests that the licenses were undervalued. The report discusses the reasons for differences between real option valuation and DCF valuation of the license, the possible challenges that the 3Goperators might face in the short to long term and what are the key enablers for the growth of3G services if they want to extract the maximum mileage out of the 3G technology. The report recommends that in future while allocating telecom licenses or licenses in sectors where high and irreversible investment is required and there is a scope for the licensees to invest in phases or in modules, the government should consider real options methodology for setting the price of the license., or the base price of the licenses in case the government decides to follow an auction methodology3G spectrum, mobile technology, valuation, real options, DCF

Active Hedging Greeks of an Options Portfolio integrating churning and minimization of cost of hedging using Quadratic & Linear Programing

This paper proposes a methodology for active hedging Greeks of an option portfolio integrating churning and minimization of cost of hedging. In the first section, hedging strategy is implemented by taking positions in other available options, while simultaneously minimizing the net premium paid for the hedging and then churning the portfolio to take into account the changed value of Greeks in the new portfolio. In the second section, the paper extends the model to incorporate the transaction cost while hedging the portfolio and churning it in Indian Scenario. Both constant and nonlinear shape of transaction cost has been considered as per the Security Transaction Tax and Brokerage charges in India. A quadratic programming has been presented which has been approximated by a linear programming solution. The prototype software has been developed in MS Excel using Visual Basic.Options Portfolio, Hedging Greeks, Churning of Portfolio, Linear Programing, Transaction Cost

Valuation of 3G spectrum license in India: A real option approach

India is about to enter a new technological phase as far as mobile technology is concerned. After almost a decade of existence, Third Generation (3G) mobile technology will be rolled out in India. The licenses for the same were auctioned in April – May 2010 and 3G licenses were allocated to the winners in September 2010. Nine private telecom operators entered the bidding for the license and eventually seven won the licenses. The bidding was intense and eventually the aggregate fees of the license as received by the government were almost twice the expected amount. In the backdrop of experience of 3G auction winners in UK and Germany who paid huge sums to acquire the 3G licenses and later lost their market capitalization as the markets perceived that the price paid for the license was more than the actual value of the license, analysts in India were concerned if the operators had paid too much for the licenses. In this report aggregate value of the 3G licenses is calculated using both traditional discounted cash flow approach and real options approach. We find that the rollout of 3G services gives an internal rate of return of 14.2%over the life of the license. If we assume an internal rate of return of 15% for the telecom operators then the aggregate license value comes out to be INR 594 Billion which is 12% lower than what the operators have paid to acquire the license. We also found out that the value of the license as calculated from the real options methodology is INR 798 Billion which is 17.8% higher than the aggregate value paid by the operators. Hence we see that DCF valuation suggests that the licenses were overvalued while Real Options methodology suggests that the licenses were undervalued. The report discusses the reasons for differences between real option valuation and DCF valuation of the license, the possible challenges that the 3Goperators might face in the short to long term and what are the key enablers for the growth of3G services if they want to extract the maximum mileage out of the 3G technology. The report recommends that in future while allocating telecom licenses or licenses in sectors where high and irreversible investment is required and there is a scope for the licensees to invest in phases or in modules, the government should consider real options methodology for setting the price of the license., or the base price of the licenses in case the government decides to follow an auction methodolog

Active Hedging Greeks of an Options Portfolio integrating churning and minimization of cost of hedging using Quadratic & Linear Programing

This paper proposes a methodology for active hedging Greeks of an option portfolio integrating churning and minimization of cost of hedging. In the first section, hedging strategy is implemented by taking positions in other available options, while simultaneously minimizing the net premium paid for the hedging and then churning the portfolio to take into account the changed value of Greeks in the new portfolio. In the second section, the paper extends the model to incorporate the transaction cost while hedging the portfolio and churning it in Indian Scenario. Both constant and nonlinear shape of transaction cost has been considered as per the Security Transaction Tax and Brokerage charges in India. A quadratic programming has been presented which has been approximated by a linear programming solution. The prototype software has been developed in MS Excel using Visual Basic

Active Hedging Greeks of an Options Portfolio integrating churning and minimization of cost of hedging using Quadratic & Linear Programing

This paper proposes a methodology for active hedging Greeks of an option portfolio integrating churning and minimization of cost of hedging. In the first section, hedging strategy is implemented by taking positions in other available options, while simultaneously minimizing the net premium paid for the hedging and then churning the portfolio to take into account the changed value of Greeks in the new portfolio. In the second section, the paper extends the model to incorporate the transaction cost while hedging the portfolio and churning it in Indian Scenario. Both constant and nonlinear shape of transaction cost has been considered as per the Security Transaction Tax and Brokerage charges in India. A quadratic programming has been presented which has been approximated by a linear programming solution. The prototype software has been developed in MS Excel using Visual Basic

Active Hedging Greeks of an Options Portfolio integrating churning and minimization of cost of hedging using Quadratic & Linear Programing

This paper proposes a methodology for active hedgingGreeks of an option portfolio integrating churning and minimization of cost of hedging. In the first section, hedging strategy is implemented by taking positions in other available options, while simultaneously minimizing the net premium paid for the hedging and then churning the portfolio to take into account the changed value of Greeks in the new portfolio. In the second section, the paper extends the model to incorporate the transaction cost while hedging the portfolio and churning it in Indian Scenario. Both constant and nonlinear shape of transaction cost has been considered as per the Security Transaction Tax and Brokerage charges in India. A quadratic programming has been presented which has been approximated by a linear programming solution. The prototype software has been developed in MS Excel using Visual Basic

Active Hedging Greeks of an Options Portfolio Integrating Churning and Minimization of Cost of Hedging Using Quadratic & Linear Programing

This paper proposes a methodology for active hedging Greeks of an option portfolio integrating churning and minimization of cost of hedging. In the first section, hedging strategy is implemented by taking positions in other available options, while simultaneously minimizing the net premium paid for the hedging and then churning the portfolio to take into account the changed value of Greeks in the new portfolio. In the second section, the paper extends the model to incorporate the transaction cost while hedging the portfolio and churning it in Indian Scenario. Both constant and nonlinear shape of transaction cost has been considered as per the Security Transaction Tax and Brokerage charges in India. A quadratic programming has been presented which has been approximated by a linear programming solution. The prototype software has been developed in MS Excel using Visual Basic.